Global (United States, European Union and China) Masonry Cements Market Research Report 2019-2025
SKU ID : QYR-14554157 | Publishing Date : 16-Aug-2019 | No. of pages : 117
Detailed TOC of Global (United States, European Union and China) Masonry Cements Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Masonry Cements Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Type N
1.3.3 Type S
1.3.4 Type M
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Masonry Cements Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Brick
1.4.3 Block
1.4.4 Stone masonry construction
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Masonry Cements Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Masonry Cements Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Masonry Cements Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Masonry Cements Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Masonry Cements Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Masonry Cements Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Masonry Cements Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Masonry Cements Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Masonry Cements Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Masonry Cements Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Masonry Cements Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Masonry Cements Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Masonry Cements Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Masonry Cements Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Masonry Cements Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Type N Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Type S Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.3 Type M Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Masonry Cements Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Masonry Cements Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Masonry Cements Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Masonry Cements Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Masonry Cements Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Masonry Cements Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Masonry Cements Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Masonry Cements Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Masonry Cements Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Masonry Cements Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Masonry Cements Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Masonry Cements Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Masonry Cements Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Masonry Cements Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Masonry Cements Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Masonry Cements Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Masonry Cements Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Masonry Cements Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 CalPortland
8.1.1 CalPortland Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.1.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.1.5 CalPortland Recent Development
8.2 St. Marys Cement
8.2.1 St. Marys Cement Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.2.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.2.5 St. Marys Cement Recent Development
8.3 Lehigh White Cement
8.3.1 Lehigh White Cement Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.3.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.3.5 Lehigh White Cement Recent Development
8.4 CEMEX
8.4.1 CEMEX Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.4.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.4.5 CEMEX Recent Development
8.5 Lehigh Hanson
8.5.1 Lehigh Hanson Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.5.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.5.5 Lehigh Hanson Recent Development
8.6 Quikrete
8.6.1 Quikrete Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.6.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.6.5 Quikrete Recent Development
8.7 Lafarge
8.7.1 Lafarge Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.7.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.7.5 Lafarge Recent Development
8.8 Keystone Cement
8.8.1 Keystone Cement Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.8.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.8.5 Keystone Cement Recent Development
8.9 Texas Lehigh
8.9.1 Texas Lehigh Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.9.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.9.5 Texas Lehigh Recent Development
8.10 Giant Cement
8.10.1 Giant Cement Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Masonry Cements
8.10.4 Masonry Cements Product Introduction
8.10.5 Giant Cement Recent Development
8.11 JSW
8.12 Breedon
8.13 Tasek Cement
8.14 Siam City Cement
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Masonry Cements Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Masonry Cements Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Masonry Cements Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Masonry Cements Sales Channels
10.2.2 Masonry Cements Distributors
10.3 Masonry Cements Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Figures, Tables and Charts Available in Global (United States, European Union and China) Masonry Cements Market Research Report 2019-2025
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Masonry Cements Product Picture
Table Masonry Cements Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Masonry Cements Covered in This Report
Table Global Masonry Cements Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Type N Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Type N
Figure Type S Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Type S
Figure Type M Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Type M
Table Global Masonry Cements Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Brick Use Case
Figure Block Use Case
Figure Stone masonry construction Use Case
Figure Masonry Cements Report Years Considered
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production 2014-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Capacity 2014-2025 (K MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Masonry Cements Capacity (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Price 2014-2025 (USD/MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Masonry Cements Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Masonry Cements Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Masonry Cements Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Masonry Cements Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Masonry Cements Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Masonry Cements Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Masonry Cements Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Masonry Cements Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Masonry Cements Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Masonry Cements Market
Table Key Manufacturers Masonry Cements Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Type N Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Type S Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Type M Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Masonry Cements Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Masonry Cements Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Masonry Cements Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure United States Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Masonry Cements Import & Export (K MT)
Table European Union Masonry Cements Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure European Union Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Masonry Cements Import & Export (K MT)
Table China Masonry Cements Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure China Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Masonry Cements Import & Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Korea Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Masonry Cements Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Masonry Cements Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Masonry Cements Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure United States Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Masonry Cements Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure United States Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Masonry Cements Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure European Union Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Masonry Cements Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure European Union Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Masonry Cements Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Masonry Cements Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Masonry Cements Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Masonry Cements Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Masonry Cements Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table CalPortland Company Details
Table CalPortland Description and Business Overview
Table CalPortland Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CalPortland Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CalPortland Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table CalPortland Recent Development
Table St. Marys Cement Company Details
Table St. Marys Cement Description and Business Overview
Table St. Marys Cement Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table St. Marys Cement Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table St. Marys Cement Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table St. Marys Cement Recent Development
Table Lehigh White Cement Company Details
Table Lehigh White Cement Description and Business Overview
Table Lehigh White Cement Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Lehigh White Cement Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Lehigh White Cement Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Lehigh White Cement Recent Development
Table CEMEX Company Details
Table CEMEX Description and Business Overview
Table CEMEX Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table CEMEX Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table CEMEX Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table CEMEX Recent Development
Table Lehigh Hanson Company Details
Table Lehigh Hanson Description and Business Overview
Table Lehigh Hanson Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Lehigh Hanson Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Lehigh Hanson Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Lehigh Hanson Recent Development
Table Quikrete Company Details
Table Quikrete Description and Business Overview
Table Quikrete Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Quikrete Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Quikrete Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Quikrete Recent Development
Table Lafarge Company Details
Table Lafarge Description and Business Overview
Table Lafarge Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Lafarge Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Lafarge Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Lafarge Recent Development
Table Keystone Cement Company Details
Table Keystone Cement Description and Business Overview
Table Keystone Cement Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Keystone Cement Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Keystone Cement Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Keystone Cement Recent Development
Table Texas Lehigh Company Details
Table Texas Lehigh Description and Business Overview
Table Texas Lehigh Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Texas Lehigh Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Texas Lehigh Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Texas Lehigh Recent Development
Table Giant Cement Company Details
Table Giant Cement Description and Business Overview
Table Giant Cement Masonry Cements Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Giant Cement Masonry Cements Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Giant Cement Masonry Cements Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Giant Cement Recent Development
Table JSW Company Details
Table Breedon Company Details
Table Tasek Cement Company Details
Table Siam City Cement Company Details
Table Global Masonry Cements Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Masonry Cements Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Masonry Cements Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table United States Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table European Union Masonry Cements Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Masonry Cements Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table European Union Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table China Masonry Cements Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure China Masonry Cements Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table China Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Masonry Cements Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Masonry Cements Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Masonry Cements Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Masonry Cements Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Masonry Cements Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Masonry Cements Value Chain
Table Masonry Cements Distributors List
Table Masonry Cements Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources