Global (United States, European Union and China) Train Coatings Market Research Report 2019-2025
SKU ID : QYR-14607377 | Publishing Date : 29-Aug-2019 | No. of pages : 128
Detailed TOC of Global (United States, European Union and China) Train Coatings Market Research Report 2019-2025
Table of Contents1 Report Overview
1.1 Research Scope
1.2 Major Manufacturers Covered in This Report
1.3 Market Segment by Type
1.3.1 Global Train Coatings Market Size Growth Rate by Type (2019-2025)
1.3.2 Primer
1.3.3 Top Coat
1.4 Market Segment by Application
1.4.1 Global Train Coatings Market Share by Application (2019-2025)
1.4.2 Subway Train
1.4.3 Normal-Speed Railway Train
1.4.4 High-Speed Railway Train
1.5 Study Objectives
1.6 Years Considered
2 Global Growth Trends
2.1 Production and Capacity Analysis
2.1.1 Global Train Coatings Production Value 2014-2025
2.1.2 Global Train Coatings Production 2014-2025
2.1.3 Global Train Coatings Capacity 2014-2025
2.1.4 Global Train Coatings Marketing Pricing and Trends
2.2 Key Producers Growth Rate (CAGR) 2019-2025
2.2.1 Global Train Coatings Market Size CAGR of Key Regions
2.2.2 Global Train Coatings Market Share of Key Regions
2.3 Industry Trends
2.3.1 Market Top Trends
2.3.2 Market Drivers
3 Market Share by Manufacturers
3.1 Capacity and Production by Manufacturers
3.1.1 Global Train Coatings Capacity by Manufacturers
3.1.2 Global Train Coatings Production by Manufacturers
3.2 Revenue by Manufacturers
3.2.1 Train Coatings Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.2 Train Coatings Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
3.2.3 Global Train Coatings Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
3.3 Train Coatings Price by Manufacturers
3.4 Key Manufacturers Train Coatings Plants/Factories Distribution and Area Served
3.5 Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Train Coatings Market
3.6 Key Manufacturers Train Coatings Product Offered
3.7 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
4 Market Size by Type
4.1 Production and Production Value for Each Type
4.1.1 Primer Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.1.2 Top Coat Production and Production Value (2014-2019)
4.2 Global Train Coatings Production Market Share by Type
4.3 Global Train Coatings Production Value Market Share by Type
4.4 Train Coatings Ex-factory Price by Type
5 Market Size by Application
5.1 Overview
5.2 Global Train Coatings Consumption by Application
6 Production by Regions
6.1 Global Train Coatings Production (History Data) by Regions 2014-2019
6.2 Global Train Coatings Production Value (History Data) by Regions
6.3 United States
6.3.1 United States Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.2 United States Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.3.3 Key Players in United States
6.3.4 United States Train Coatings Import & Export
6.4 European Union
6.4.1 European Union Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.2 European Union Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.4.3 Key Players in European Union
6.4.4 European Union Train Coatings Import & Export
6.5 China
6.5.1 China Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.2 China Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019
6.5.3 Key Players in China
6.5.4 China Train Coatings Import & Export
6.6 Rest of World
6.6.1 Japan
6.6.2 Korea
6.6.3 India
6.6.4 Southeast Asia
7 Train Coatings Consumption by Regions
7.1 Global Train Coatings Consumption (History Data) by Regions
7.2 United States
7.2.1 United States Train Coatings Consumption by Type
7.2.2 United States Train Coatings Consumption by Application
7.3 European Union
7.3.1 European Union Train Coatings Consumption by Type
7.3.2 European Union Train Coatings Consumption by Application
7.4 China
7.4.1 China Train Coatings Consumption by Type
7.4.2 China Train Coatings Consumption by Application
7.5 Rest of World
7.5.1 Rest of World Train Coatings Consumption by Type
7.5.2 Rest of World Train Coatings Consumption by Application
7.5.1 Japan
7.5.2 Korea
7.5.3 India
7.5.4 Southeast Asia
8 Company Profiles
8.1 Axalta
8.1.1 Axalta Company Details
8.1.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.1.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.1.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.1.5 Axalta Recent Development
8.2 AkzoNobel
8.2.1 AkzoNobel Company Details
8.2.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.2.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.2.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.2.5 AkzoNobel Recent Development
8.3 Alstom
8.3.1 Alstom Company Details
8.3.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.3.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.3.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.3.5 Alstom Recent Development
8.4 Arkema
8.4.1 Arkema Company Details
8.4.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.4.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.4.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.4.5 Arkema Recent Development
8.5 BASF
8.5.1 BASF Company Details
8.5.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.5.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.5.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.5.5 BASF Recent Development
8.6 Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd.
8.6.1 Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Company Details
8.6.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.6.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.6.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.6.5 Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Recent Development
8.7 Chemetall
8.7.1 Chemetall Company Details
8.7.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.7.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.7.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.7.5 Chemetall Recent Development
8.8 GLS Coatings Ltd
8.8.1 GLS Coatings Ltd Company Details
8.8.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.8.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.8.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.8.5 GLS Coatings Ltd Recent Development
8.9 Henkel
8.9.1 Henkel Company Details
8.9.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.9.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.9.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.9.5 Henkel Recent Development
8.10 Hollysys
8.10.1 Hollysys Company Details
8.10.2 Company Description and Business Overview
8.10.3 Production and Revenue of Train Coatings
8.10.4 Train Coatings Product Introduction
8.10.5 Hollysys Recent Development
8.11 Kansai Paints
8.12 Nippon Paint
8.13 PPG
8.14 Solvay
8.15 Sherwin Williams Company
8.16 Valspar
9 Market Forecast
9.1 Global Market Size Forecast
9.1.1 Global Train Coatings Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025
9.1.2 Global Train Coatings Production Value Forecast 2019-2025
9.2 Market Forecast by Regions
9.2.1 Global Train Coatings Production and Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.2.2 Global Train Coatings Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
9.3 United States
9.3.1 Production and Value Forecast in United States
9.3.2 Consumption Forecast in United States
9.4 European Union
9.4.1 Production and Value Forecast in European Union
9.4.2 Consumption Forecast in European Union
9.5 China
9.5.1 Production and Value Forecast in China
9.5.2 Consumption Forecast in China
9.6 Rest of World
9.6.1 Japan
9.6.2 Korea
9.6.3 India
9.6.4 Southeast Asia
9.7 Forecast by Type
9.7.1 Global Train Coatings Production Forecast by Type
9.7.2 Global Train Coatings Production Value Forecast by Type
9.8 Consumption Forecast by Application
10 Value Chain and Sales Channels Analysis
10.1 Value Chain Analysis
10.2 Sales Channels Analysis
10.2.1 Train Coatings Sales Channels
10.2.2 Train Coatings Distributors
10.3 Train Coatings Customers
11 Opportunities & Challenges, Threat and Affecting Factors
11.1 Market Opportunities
11.2 Market Challenges
11.3 Porter's Five Forces Analysis
12 Key Findings
13 Appendix
13.1 Research Methodology
13.1.1 Methodology/Research Approach
13.1.1.1 Research Programs/Design
13.1.1.2 Market Size Estimation
13.1.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation
13.1.2 Data Source
13.1.2.1 Secondary Sources
13.1.2.2 Primary Sources
13.2 Author Details
13.3 Disclaimer
List of Figures, Tables and Charts Available in Global (United States, European Union and China) Train Coatings Market Research Report 2019-2025
List of Tables and FiguresFigure Train Coatings Product Picture
Table Train Coatings Key Market Segments
Table Major Manufacturers Train Coatings Covered in This Report
Table Global Train Coatings Market Size Growth Rate by Type 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure Global Train Coatings Sales Market Shar by Type 2014-2025
Figure Primer Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Primer
Figure Top Coat Figures
Table Major Manufacturers of Top Coat
Table Global Train Coatings Market Share by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Subway Train Use Case
Figure Normal-Speed Railway Train Use Case
Figure High-Speed Railway Train Use Case
Figure Train Coatings Report Years Considered
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production 2014-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Capacity 2014-2025 (K MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Train Coatings Capacity (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Price 2014-2025 (USD/MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Market Size of Key Regions (Million USD) & (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Growth Rate of Key Regions 2019-2025 (Million USD)
Table Global Train Coatings Market Share for of Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Market Top Trends
Table Global Train Coatings Capacity by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Table Global Train Coatings Production by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Train Coatings Revenue by Manufacturers (2014-2019) (Million USD)
Table Train Coatings Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2014-2019)
Figure Train Coatings Value Share by Manufacturers in 2018
Table Global Train Coatings Manufacturers Market Concentration Ratio (CR5 and HHI)
Table Train Coatings Price by Manufacturers 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Key Manufacturers Train Coatings Plants/Factories Distribution
Table Key Manufacturers Train Coatings Area Served
Table Date of Key Manufacturers Enter into Train Coatings Market
Table Key Manufacturers Train Coatings Product Type
Table Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Plans
Table Global Primer Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Top Coat Production and Production Value (2014-2019) (K MT) & (Million US$)
Table Global Train Coatings Production by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Global Train Coatings Production Value by Type (2014-2019) (Million US$)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Value Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Market Share by Type (2014-2019)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Market Share by Type in 2018
Table Train Coatings Ex-factory Price by Type 2014-2019 (USD/MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Consumption Share by Application (2014-2019)
Figure Global Consumption Train Coatings Market Share by Application (2014-2019)
Table Global Train Coatings Production by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table Global Train Coatings Production Value by Regions 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Market Share by Regions in 2018
Table United States Train Coatings Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure United States Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure United States Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table United States Train Coatings Import & Export (K MT)
Table European Union Train Coatings Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure European Union Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure European Union Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table European Union Train Coatings Import & Export (K MT)
Table China Train Coatings Production and Value 2014-2019 (K MT) & (Million USD)
Figure China Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure China Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table China Train Coatings Import & Export (K MT)
Figure Japan Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Japan Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Korea Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Korea Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure India Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure India Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Figure Southeast Asia Train Coatings Production Growth Rate 2014-2019 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Train Coatings Production Value Growth Rate 2014-2019 (Million USD)
Table Global Train Coatings Consumption by Regions 2014-2019 (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Regions 2014-2019
Figure Global Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2018
Figure United States Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table United States Train Coatings Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure United States Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table United States Train Coatings Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure United States Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure European Union Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table European Union Train Coatings Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure European Union Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table European Union Train Coatings Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure European Union Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure China Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table China Train Coatings Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table China Train Coatings Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure China Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Rest of World Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Rest of World Train Coatings Consumption by Type (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Type in 2019
Table Rest of World Train Coatings Consumption by Application (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Rest of World Train Coatings Consumption Market Share by Application in 2019
Figure Japan Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Korea Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure India Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Train Coatings Consumption Growth Rate (2014-2019) (K MT)
Table Axalta Company Details
Table Axalta Description and Business Overview
Table Axalta Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Axalta Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Axalta Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Axalta Recent Development
Table AkzoNobel Company Details
Table AkzoNobel Description and Business Overview
Table AkzoNobel Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table AkzoNobel Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table AkzoNobel Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table AkzoNobel Recent Development
Table Alstom Company Details
Table Alstom Description and Business Overview
Table Alstom Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Alstom Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Alstom Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Alstom Recent Development
Table Arkema Company Details
Table Arkema Description and Business Overview
Table Arkema Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Arkema Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Arkema Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Arkema Recent Development
Table BASF Company Details
Table BASF Description and Business Overview
Table BASF Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table BASF Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table BASF Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table BASF Recent Development
Table Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Company Details
Table Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Description and Business Overview
Table Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd. Recent Development
Table Chemetall Company Details
Table Chemetall Description and Business Overview
Table Chemetall Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Chemetall Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Chemetall Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Chemetall Recent Development
Table GLS Coatings Ltd Company Details
Table GLS Coatings Ltd Description and Business Overview
Table GLS Coatings Ltd Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table GLS Coatings Ltd Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table GLS Coatings Ltd Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table GLS Coatings Ltd Recent Development
Table Henkel Company Details
Table Henkel Description and Business Overview
Table Henkel Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Henkel Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Henkel Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Henkel Recent Development
Table Hollysys Company Details
Table Hollysys Description and Business Overview
Table Hollysys Train Coatings Production (K MT), Revenue (Million US$), Price (USD/MT) and Gross Margin (2014-2019)
Table Hollysys Train Coatings Production Growth Rate (2014-2019)
Table Hollysys Train Coatings Production Market Share in Global Market
Table Hollysys Recent Development
Table Kansai Paints Company Details
Table Nippon Paint Company Details
Table PPG Company Details
Table Solvay Company Details
Table Sherwin Williams Company Company Details
Table Valspar Company Details
Table Global Train Coatings Capacity, Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Capacity Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table Global Train Coatings Production Value Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Table Global Train Coatings Consumption Forecast by Regions 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Consumption Market Share Forecast by Regions 2019-2025
Table United States Train Coatings Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure United States Train Coatings Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table United States Train Coatings Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure United States Train Coatings Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table European Union Train Coatings Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure European Union Train Coatings Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table European Union Train Coatings Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure European Union Train Coatings Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table China Train Coatings Production and Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT) & (Million US$)
Figure China Train Coatings Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table China Train Coatings Production Value Forecast 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure China Train Coatings Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Train Coatings Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Japan Train Coatings Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Train Coatings Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Korea Train Coatings Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Train Coatings Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure India Train Coatings Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Train Coatings Production Growth Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Southeast Asia Train Coatings Consumption Forecast 2019-2025 (K MT)
Table Global Train Coatings Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Train Coatings Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Forecast by Type 2019-2025 (Million US$)
Figure Global Train Coatings Production Value Market Share Forecast by Type 2019-2025
Table Global Train Coatings Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Consumption Forecast by Application 2019-2025 (K MT)
Figure Global Train Coatings Consumption Market Share Forecast by Application 2019-2025
Figure Train Coatings Value Chain
Table Train Coatings Distributors List
Table Train Coatings Customers List
Table Porter's Five Forces Analysis
Table Research Programs/Design for This Report
Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report
Figure Data Triangulation
Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources
Table Key Data Information from Primary Sources
Keyplayers in Global (United States, European Union and China) Train Coatings Market Research Report 2019-2025
AxaltaAkzoNobel
Alstom
Arkema
BASF
Beijing Oriental Yuhong Waterproof Technology Co. Ltd.
Chemetall
GLS Coatings Ltd
Henkel
Hollysys
Kansai Paints
Nippon Paint
PPG
Solvay
Sherwin Williams Company
Valspar