Table of Contents Global Hair Trimmer Market Research Report 2018 1 Hair Trimmer Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Hair Trimmer 1.2 Hair Trimmer Segment by Type (Product Category) 1.2.1 Global Hair Trimmer Production and CAGR (%) Comparison by Type (Product Category)(2013-2025) 1.2.2 Global Hair Trimmer Production Market Share by Type (Product Category) in 2017 1.2.3 Magnetic Motor Type 1.2.4 Pivot Motor Type 1.2.5 Rotary Motor Type 1.2.6 Manual Type 1.3 Global Hair Trimmer Segment by Application 1.3.1 Hair Trimmer Consumption (Sales) Comparison by Application (2013-2025) 1.3.2 Home Using 1.3.3 Commercial Using 1.4 Global Hair Trimmer Market by Region (2013-2025) 1.4.1 Global Hair Trimmer Market Size (Value) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Region (2013-2025) 1.4.2 North America Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.3 Europe Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.4 China Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.5 Japan Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.6 Southeast Asia Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.4.7 India Status and Prospect (2013-2025) 1.5 Global Market Size (Value) of Hair Trimmer (2013-2025) 1.5.1 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Status and Outlook (2013-2025) 1.5.2 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production Status and Outlook (2013-2025) 2 Global Hair Trimmer Market Competition by Manufacturers 2.1 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.1.1 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.1.2 Global Hair Trimmer Production and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.2 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue and Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.3 Global Hair Trimmer Average Price by Manufacturers (2013-2018) 2.4 Manufacturers Hair Trimmer Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type 2.5 Hair Trimmer Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.5.1 Hair Trimmer Market Concentration Rate 2.5.2 Hair Trimmer Market Share of Top 3 and Top 5 Manufacturers 2.5.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue (Value) by Region (2013-2018) 3.1 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity and Market Share by Region (2013-2018) 3.2 Global Hair Trimmer Production and Market Share by Region (2013-2018) 3.3 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue (Value) and Market Share by Region (2013-2018) 3.4 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 3.5 North America Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 3.6 Europe Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 3.7 China Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 3.8 Japan Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 3.9 Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 3.10 India Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 4 Global Hair Trimmer Supply (Production), Consumption, Export, Import by Region (2013-2018) 4.1 Global Hair Trimmer Consumption by Region (2013-2018) 4.2 North America Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018) 4.3 Europe Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018) 4.4 China Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018) 4.5 Japan Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018) 4.6 Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018) 4.7 India Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export, Import (2013-2018) 5 Global Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue (Value), Price Trend by Type 5.1 Global Hair Trimmer Production and Market Share by Type (2013-2018) 5.2 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue and Market Share by Type (2013-2018) 5.3 Global Hair Trimmer Price by Type (2013-2018) 5.4 Global Hair Trimmer Production Growth by Type (2013-2018) 6 Global Hair Trimmer Market Analysis by Application 6.1 Global Hair Trimmer Consumption and Market Share by Application (2013-2018) 6.2 Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018) 6.3 Market Drivers and Opportunities 6.3.1 Potential Applications 6.3.2 Emerging Markets/Countries 7 Global Hair Trimmer Manufacturers Profiles/Analysis 7.1 Andis 7.1.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 7.1.2 Hair Trimmer Product Category, Application and Specification 7.1.2.1 Product A 7.1.2.2 Product B 7.1.3 Andis Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 7.1.4 Main Business/Business Overview 7.2 Wahl 7.2.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 7.2.2 Hair Trimmer Product Category, Application and Specification 7.2.2.1 Product A 7.2.2.2 Product B 7.2.3 Wahl Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 7.2.4 Main Business/Business Overview 7.3 Philips 7.3.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 7.3.2 Hair Trimmer Product Category, Application and Specification 7.3.2.1 Product A 7.3.2.2 Product B 7.3.3 Philips Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 7.3.4 Main Business/Business Overview 7.4 Conair 7.4.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 7.4.2 Hair Trimmer Product Category, Application and Specification 7.4.2.1 Product A 7.4.2.2 Product B 7.4.3 Conair Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 7.4.4 Main Business/Business Overview 7.5 Oster 7.5.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 7.5.2 Hair Trimmer Product Category, Application and Specification 7.5.2.1 Product A 7.5.2.2 Product B 7.5.3 Oster Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 7.5.4 Main Business/Business Overview 7.6 Braun 7.6.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 7.6.2 Hair Trimmer Product Category, Application and Specification 7.6.2.1 Product A 7.6.2.2 Product B 7.6.3 Braun Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 7.6.4 Main Business/Business Overview 7.7 Panasonic 7.7.1 Company Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors 7.7.2 Hair Trimmer Product Category, Application and Specification 7.7.2.1 Product A 7.7.2.2 Product B 7.7.3 Panasonic Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2013-2018) 7.7.4 Main Business/Business Overview ... 8 Hair Trimmer Manufacturing Cost Analysis 8.1 Hair Trimmer Key Raw Materials Analysis 8.1.1 Key Raw Materials 8.1.2 Price Trend of Key Raw Materials 8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 8.1.4 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials 8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure 8.2.1 Raw Materials 8.2.2 Labor Cost 8.2.3 Manufacturing Expenses 8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Hair Trimmer 9 Industrial Chain, Sourcing Strategy and Downstream Buyers 9.1 Hair Trimmer Industrial Chain Analysis 9.2 Upstream Raw Materials Sourcing 9.3 Raw Materials Sources of Hair Trimmer Major Manufacturers in 2017 9.4 Downstream Buyers 10 Marketing Strategy Analysis, Distributors/Traders 10.1 Marketing Channel 10.1.1 Direct Marketing 10.1.2 Indirect Marketing 10.1.3 Marketing Channel Development Trend 10.2 Market Positioning 10.2.1 Pricing Strategy 10.2.2 Brand Strategy 10.2.3 Target Client 10.3 Distributors/Traders List 11 Market Effect Factors Analysis 11.1 Technology Progress/Risk 11.1.1 Substitutes Threat 11.1.2 Technology Progress in Related Industry 11.2 Consumer Needs/Customer Preference Change 11.3 Economic/Political Environmental Change 12 Global Hair Trimmer Market Forecast (2018-2025) 12.1 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production, Revenue Forecast (2018-2025) 12.1.1 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) 12.1.2 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) 12.1.3 Global Hair Trimmer Price and Trend Forecast (2018-2025) 12.2 Global Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption , Import and Export Forecast by Region (2018-2025) 12.2.1 North America Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025) 12.2.2 Europe Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025) 12.2.3 China Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025) 12.2.4 Japan Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025) 12.2.5 Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025) 12.2.6 India Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue, Consumption, Export and Import Forecast (2018-2025) 12.3 Global Hair Trimmer Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2018-2025) 12.4 Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Forecast by Application (2018-2025) 13 Research Findings and Conclusion 14 Appendix 14.1 Methodology/Research Approach 14.1.1 Research Programs/Design 14.1.2 Market Size Estimation 14.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 14.2 Data Source 14.2.1 Secondary Sources 14.2.2 Primary Sources 14.3 Disclaimer

List of Tables and Figures Figure Picture of Hair Trimmer Figure Global Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) and CAGR (%) Comparison by Types (Product Category) (2013-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Production Market Share by Types (Product Category) in 2017 Figure Product Picture of Magnetic Motor Type Table Major Manufacturers of Magnetic Motor Type Figure Product Picture of Pivot Motor Type Table Major Manufacturers of Pivot Motor Type Figure Product Picture of Rotary Motor Type Table Major Manufacturers of Rotary Motor Type Figure Product Picture of Manual Type Table Major Manufacturers of Manual Type Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption (K Units) by Applications (2013-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Market Share by Applications in 2017 Figure Home Using Examples Table Key Downstream Customer in Home Using Figure Commercial Using Examples Table Key Downstream Customer in Commercial Using Figure Global Hair Trimmer Market Size (Million USD), Comparison (K Units) and CAGR (%) by Regions (2013-2025) Figure North America Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure Europe Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure China Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure Japan Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure India Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate (2013-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) Status and Outlook (2013-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units) Status and Outlook (2013-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Major Players Product Capacity (K Units) (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Capacity Market Share of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in 2017 Figure Global Hair Trimmer Capacity (K Units) of Key Manufacturers in 2018 Figure Global Hair Trimmer Major Players Product Production (K Units) (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Production Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) Figure 2017 Hair Trimmer Production Share by Manufacturers Figure 2017 Hair Trimmer Production Share by Manufacturers Figure Global Hair Trimmer Major Players Product Revenue (Million USD) (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) by Manufacturers (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2013-2018) Table 2017 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Share by Manufacturers Table 2018 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Share by Manufacturers Table Global Market Hair Trimmer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers (2013-2018) Figure Global Market Hair Trimmer Average Price (USD/Unit) of Key Manufacturers in 2017 Table Manufacturers Hair Trimmer Manufacturing Base Distribution and Sales Area Table Manufacturers Hair Trimmer Product Category Figure Hair Trimmer Market Share of Top 3 Manufacturers Figure Hair Trimmer Market Share of Top 5 Manufacturers Table Global Hair Trimmer Capacity (K Units) by Region (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Capacity Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Capacity Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure 2017 Global Hair Trimmer Capacity Market Share by Region Table Global Hair Trimmer Production by Region (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) by Region (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Production Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure 2017 Global Hair Trimmer Production Market Share by Region Table Global Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) by Region (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Table 2017 Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share by Region Figure Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units) and Growth Rate (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Table North America Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Table Europe Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Table China Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Table Japan Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Table Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Table India Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Consumption (K Units) Market by Region (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Market Share by Region (2013-2018) Figure 2017 Global Hair Trimmer Consumption (K Units) Market Share by Region Table North America Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018) Table Europe Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018) Table China Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018) Table Japan Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018) Table Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018) Table India Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Import & Export (K Units) (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) by Type (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Production Share by Type (2013-2018) Figure Production Market Share of Hair Trimmer by Type (2013-2018) Figure 2017 Production Market Share of Hair Trimmer by Type Table Global Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) by Type (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Share by Type (2013-2018) Figure Production Revenue Share of Hair Trimmer by Type (2013-2018) Figure 2017 Revenue Market Share of Hair Trimmer by Type Table Global Hair Trimmer Price (USD/Unit) by Type (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Production Growth by Type (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Consumption (K Units) by Application (2013-2018) Table Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Market Share by Application (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Market Share by Applications (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Market Share by Application in 2017 Table Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2013-2018) Table Andis Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors Table Andis Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Andis Hair Trimmer Production Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Andis Hair Trimmer Production Market Share (2013-2018) Figure Andis Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share (2013-2018) Table Wahl Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors Table Wahl Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Wahl Hair Trimmer Production Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Wahl Hair Trimmer Production Market Share (2013-2018) Figure Wahl Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share (2013-2018) Table Philips Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors Table Philips Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Philips Hair Trimmer Production Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Philips Hair Trimmer Production Market Share (2013-2018) Figure Philips Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share (2013-2018) Table Conair Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors Table Conair Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Conair Hair Trimmer Production Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Conair Hair Trimmer Production Market Share (2013-2018) Figure Conair Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share (2013-2018) Table Oster Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors Table Oster Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Oster Hair Trimmer Production Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Oster Hair Trimmer Production Market Share (2013-2018) Figure Oster Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share (2013-2018) Table Braun Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors Table Braun Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Braun Hair Trimmer Production Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Braun Hair Trimmer Production Market Share (2013-2018) Figure Braun Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share (2013-2018) Table Panasonic Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Its Competitors Table Panasonic Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units), Revenue (Million USD), Price (USD/Unit) and Gross Margin (2013-2018) Figure Panasonic Hair Trimmer Production Growth Rate (2013-2018) Figure Panasonic Hair Trimmer Production Market Share (2013-2018) Figure Panasonic Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share (2013-2018) Table Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material Figure Price Trend of Key Raw Materials Table Key Suppliers of Raw Materials Figure Manufacturing Cost Structure of Hair Trimmer Figure Manufacturing Process Analysis of Hair Trimmer Figure Hair Trimmer Industrial Chain Analysis Table Raw Materials Sources of Hair Trimmer Major Manufacturers in 2017 Table Major Buyers of Hair Trimmer Table Distributors/Traders List Figure Global Hair Trimmer Capacity, Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Price (Million USD) and Trend Forecast (2018-2025) Table Global Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025) Table Global Hair Trimmer Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Region (2018-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption Market Share Forecast by Region (2018-2025) Figure North America Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure North America Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Table North America Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Europe Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Europe Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Table Europe Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025) Figure China Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure China Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Table China Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Japan Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Japan Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Table Japan Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Table Southeast Asia Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025) Figure India Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Figure India Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) and Growth Rate Forecast (2018-2025) Table India Hair Trimmer Production, Consumption, Export and Import (K Units) Forecast (2018-2025) Table Global Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Production (K Units) Forecast by Type (2018-2025) Table Global Hair Trimmer Revenue (Million USD) Forecast by Type (2018-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2018-2025) Table Global Hair Trimmer Price Forecast by Type (2018-2025) Table Global Hair Trimmer Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025) Figure Global Hair Trimmer Consumption (K Units) Forecast by Application (2018-2025) Table Research Programs/Design for This Report Figure Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure Data Triangulation Table Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table Key Data Information from Primary Source