1 Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Overview 1.1 Product Overview and Scope of Inorganic Nanoparticles 1.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles Segment by Type 1.2.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Size Growth Rate Analysis by Type 2021 VS 2027 1.2.2 Powder 1.2.3 Dispersion Liquid 1.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles Segment by Application 1.3.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027 1.3.2 Medical 1.3.3 Electronics 1.3.4 Comestics 1.3.5 Others 1.4 Global Market Growth Prospects 1.4.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027) 1.4.2 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027) 1.4.3 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027) 1.5 Global Market Size by Region 1.5.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Size Estimates and Forecasts by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027 1.5.2 North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027) 1.5.3 Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027) 1.5.4 China Inorganic Nanoparticles Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027) 1.5.5 Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Estimates and Forecasts (2016-2027) 2 Market Competition by Manufacturers 2.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 2.2 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) 2.4 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Average Price by Manufacturers (2016-2021) 2.5 Manufacturers Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Sites, Area Served, Product Types 2.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Competitive Situation and Trends 2.6.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Concentration Rate 2.6.2 Global 5 and 10 Largest Inorganic Nanoparticles Players Market Share by Revenue 2.6.3 Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion 3 Production and Capacity by Region 3.1 Global Production Capacity of Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Share by Region (2016-2021) 3.2 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021) 3.3 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 3.4 North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Production 3.4.1 North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Growth Rate (2016-2021) 3.4.2 North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 3.5 Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Production 3.5.1 Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Growth Rate (2016-2021) 3.5.2 Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 3.6 China Inorganic Nanoparticles Production 3.6.1 China Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Growth Rate (2016-2021) 3.6.2 China Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 3.7 Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Production 3.7.1 Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Growth Rate (2016-2021) 3.7.2 Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 4 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Region 4.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Region 4.1.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Region 4.1.2 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Region 4.2 North America 4.2.1 North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Country 4.2.2 U.S. 4.2.3 Canada 4.3 Europe 4.3.1 Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Country 4.3.2 Germany 4.3.3 France 4.3.4 U.K. 4.3.5 Italy 4.3.6 Russia 4.4 Asia Pacific 4.4.1 Asia Pacific Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Region 4.4.2 China 4.4.3 Japan 4.4.4 South Korea 4.4.5 Taiwan 4.4.6 Southeast Asia 4.4.7 India 4.4.8 Australia 4.5 Latin America 4.5.1 Latin America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Country 4.5.2 Mexico 4.5.3 Brazil 5 Production, Revenue, Price Trend by Type 5.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021) 5.2 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Market Share by Type (2016-2021) 5.3 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Price by Type (2016-2021) 6 Consumption Analysis by Application 6.1 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021) 6.2 Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021) 7 Key Companies Profiled 7.1 Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd 7.1.1 Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information 7.1.2 Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Inorganic Nanoparticles Product Portfolio 7.1.3 Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 7.1.4 Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served 7.1.5 Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates 7.2 Tec Star 7.2.1 Tec Star Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information 7.2.2 Tec Star Inorganic Nanoparticles Product Portfolio 7.2.3 Tec Star Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 7.2.4 Tec Star Main Business and Markets Served 7.2.5 Tec Star Recent Developments/Updates 7.3 Hosokawa Micron 7.3.1 Hosokawa Micron Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information 7.3.2 Hosokawa Micron Inorganic Nanoparticles Product Portfolio 7.3.3 Hosokawa Micron Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 7.3.4 Hosokawa Micron Main Business and Markets Served 7.3.5 Hosokawa Micron Recent Developments/Updates 7.4 Nanograde AG 7.4.1 Nanograde AG Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information 7.4.2 Nanograde AG Inorganic Nanoparticles Product Portfolio 7.4.3 Nanograde AG Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 7.4.4 Nanograde AG Main Business and Markets Served 7.4.5 Nanograde AG Recent Developments/Updates 7.5 Promethean Particles 7.5.1 Promethean Particles Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information 7.5.2 Promethean Particles Inorganic Nanoparticles Product Portfolio 7.5.3 Promethean Particles Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2016-2021) 7.5.4 Promethean Particles Main Business and Markets Served 7.5.5 Promethean Particles Recent Developments/Updates 8 Inorganic Nanoparticles Manufacturing Cost Analysis 8.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles Key Raw Materials Analysis 8.1.1 Key Raw Materials 8.1.2 Key Raw Materials Price Trend 8.1.3 Key Suppliers of Raw Materials 8.2 Proportion of Manufacturing Cost Structure 8.3 Manufacturing Process Analysis of Inorganic Nanoparticles 8.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles Industrial Chain Analysis 9 Marketing Channel, Distributors and Customers 9.1 Marketing Channel 9.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles Distributors List 9.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles Customers 10 Market Dynamics 10.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles Industry Trends 10.2 Inorganic Nanoparticles Growth Drivers 10.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Challenges 10.4 Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Restraints 11 Production and Supply Forecast 11.1 Global Forecasted Production of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Region (2022-2027) 11.2 North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027) 11.3 Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027) 11.4 China Inorganic Nanoparticles Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027) 11.5 Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Production, Revenue Forecast (2022-2027) 12 Consumption and Demand Forecast 12.1 Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Inorganic Nanoparticles 12.2 North America Forecasted Consumption of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Country 12.3 Europe Market Forecasted Consumption of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Country 12.4 Asia Pacific Market Forecasted Consumption of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Region 12.5 Latin America Forecasted Consumption of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Country 13 Forecast by Type and by Application (2022-2027) 13.1 Global Production, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) 13.1.1 Global Forecasted Production of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Type (2022-2027) 13.1.2 Global Forecasted Revenue of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Type (2022-2027) 13.1.3 Global Forecasted Price of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Type (2022-2027) 13.2 Global Forecasted Consumption of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Application (2022-2027) 14 Research Finding and Conclusion 15 Methodology and Data Source 15.1 Methodology/Research Approach 15.1.1 Research Programs/Design 15.1.2 Market Size Estimation 15.1.3 Market Breakdown and Data Triangulation 15.2 Data Source 15.2.1 Secondary Sources 15.2.2 Primary Sources 15.3 Author List 15.4 Disclaimer

List of Tables Table 1. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Size by Type (Kg) & (US$ Million) (2021 VS 2027) Table 2. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption (Kg) Comparison by Application: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027 Table 3. Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Size Comparison by Region: 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027 Table 4. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg) by Manufacturers Table 5. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) by Manufacturers (2016-2021) Table 6. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Market Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) Table 7. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) by Manufacturers (2016-2021) Table 8. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Share by Manufacturers (2016-2021) Table 9. Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3) & (based on the Revenue in Inorganic Nanoparticles as of 2020) Table 10. Global Market Inorganic Nanoparticles Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Manufacturers (2016-2021) Table 11. Manufacturers Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Sites and Area Served Table 12. Manufacturers Inorganic Nanoparticles Product Types Table 13. Mergers & Acquisitions, Expansion Table 14. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg) by Region (2016-2021) Table 15. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) by Region (2016-2021) Table 16. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) by Region (2016-2021) Table 17. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Market Share by Region (2016-2021) Table 18. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 19. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 20. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 21. China Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 22. Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 23. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market by Region (2016-2021) & (Kg) Table 24. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021) Table 25. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (Kg) Table 26. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Country (2016-2021) & (Kg) Table 27. Asia Pacific Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Region (2016-2021) & (Kg) Table 28. Latin America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Countries (2016-2021) & (Kg) Table 29. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) by Type (2016-2021) Table 30. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Market Share by Type (2016-2021) Table 31. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) by Type (2016-2021) Table 32. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Share by Type (2016-2021) Table 33. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Price (USD/Kg) by Type (2016-2021) Table 34. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption by Application (2016-2021) & (Kg) Table 35. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Table 36. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021) Table 37. Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information Table 38. Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Specification and Application Table 39. Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 40. Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Main Business and Markets Served Table 41. Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Recent Developments/Updates Table 42. Tec Star Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information Table 43. Tec Star Specification and Application Table 44. Tec Star Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 45. Tec Star Main Business and Markets Served Table 46. Tec Star Recent Developments/Updates Table 47. Hosokawa Micron Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information Table 48. Hosokawa Micron Specification and Application Table 49. Hosokawa Micron Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 50. Hosokawa Micron Main Business and Markets Served Table 51. Hosokawa Micron Recent Developments/Updates Table 52. Nanograde AG Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information Table 53. Nanograde AG Specification and Application Table 54. Nanograde AG Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 55. Nanograde AG Main Business and Markets Served Table 56. Nanograde AG Recent Developments/Updates Table 57. Promethean Particles Inorganic Nanoparticles Corporation Information Table 58. Promethean Particles Specification and Application Table 59. Promethean Particles Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg), Revenue (US$ Million), Price (USD/Kg) and Gross Margin (2016-2021) Table 60. Promethean Particles Main Business and Markets Served Table 61. Promethean Particles Recent Developments/Updates Table 62. Production Base and Market Concentration Rate of Raw Material Table 63. Key Suppliers of Raw Materials Table 64. Inorganic Nanoparticles Distributors List Table 65. Inorganic Nanoparticles Customers List Table 66. Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Trends Table 67. Inorganic Nanoparticles Growth Drivers Table 68. Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Challenges Table 69. Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Restraints Table 70. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Forecast by Region (2022-2027) Table 71. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (Kg) Table 72. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (Kg) Table 73. Asia Pacific Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Forecast by Region (2022-2027) & (Kg) Table 74. Latin America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Forecast by Country (2022-2027) & (Kg) Table 75. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (Kg) Table 76. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (US$ Million) Table 77. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Price Forecast by Type (2022-2027) & (USD/Kg) Table 78. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption (Kg) Forecast by Application (2022-2027) Table 79. Research Programs/Design for This Report Table 80. Key Data Information from Secondary Sources Table 81. Key Data Information from Primary Sources List of Figures Figure 1. Product Picture of Inorganic Nanoparticles Figure 2. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Share by Type: 2020 VS 2027 Figure 3. Powder Product Picture Figure 4. Dispersion Liquid Product Picture Figure 5. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Share by Application: 2020 VS 2027 Figure 6. Medical Figure 7. Electronics Figure 8. Comestics Figure 9. Others Figure 10. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million), 2016 VS 2021 VS 2027 Figure 11. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) (2016-2027) Figure 12. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Capacity (Kg) & (2016-2027) Figure 13. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) & (2016-2027) Figure 14. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027) Figure 15. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027) Figure 16. China Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027) Figure 17. Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue (US$ Million) and Growth Rate (2016-2027) Figure 18. Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Share by Manufacturers in 2020 Figure 19. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Share by Manufacturers in 2020 Figure 20. Inorganic Nanoparticles Market Share by Company Type (Tier 1, Tier 2 and Tier 3): 2016 VS 2020 Figure 21. Global Market Inorganic Nanoparticles Average Price (USD/Kg) of Key Manufacturers in 2020 Figure 22. The Global 5 and 10 Largest Players: Market Share by Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue in 2020 Figure 23. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Market Share by Region (2016-2021) Figure 24. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate (2016-2021) Figure 25. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate (2016-2021) Figure 26. China Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate (2016-2021) Figure 27. Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate (2016-2021) Figure 28. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Region (2016-2021) Figure 29. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Region in 2020 Figure 30. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 31. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020 Figure 32. Canada Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 33. U.S. Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 34. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 35. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020 Figure 36. Germany America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 37. France Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 38. U.K. Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 39. Italy Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 40. Russia Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 41. Asia Pacific Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 42. Asia Pacific Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Regions in 2020 Figure 43. China Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 44. Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 45. South Korea Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 46. Taiwan Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 47. Southeast Asia Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 48. India Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 49. Australia Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 50. Latin America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 51. Latin America Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Country in 2020 Figure 52. Mexico Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 53. Brazil Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption and Growth Rate (2016-2021) & (Kg) Figure 54. Production Market Share of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Type (2016-2021) Figure 55. Production Market Share of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Type in 2020 Figure 56. Revenue Share of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Type (2016-2021) Figure 57. Revenue Market Share of Inorganic Nanoparticles by Type in 2020 Figure 58. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Application (2016-2021) Figure 59. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Market Share by Application in 2020 Figure 60. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2016-2021) Figure 61. Key Raw Materials Price Trend Figure 62. Manufacturing Cost Structure of Inorganic Nanoparticles Figure 63. Manufacturing Process Analysis of Inorganic Nanoparticles Figure 64. Inorganic Nanoparticles Industrial Chain Analysis Figure 65. Channels of Distribution Figure 66. Distributors Profiles Figure 67. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Market Share Forecast by Region (2022-2027) Figure 68. North America Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) Figure 69. Europe Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) Figure 70. China Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) Figure 71. Japan Inorganic Nanoparticles Production (Kg) Growth Rate Forecast (2022-2027) Figure 72. Global Forecasted Demand Analysis of Inorganic Nanoparticles (2015-2027) & (Kg) Figure 73. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Production Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027) Figure 74. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Revenue Market Share Forecast by Type (2022-2027) Figure 75. Global Inorganic Nanoparticles Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2027) Figure 76. Bottom-up and Top-down Approaches for This Report Figure 77. Data Triangulation

Kanto Denka Kogyo Co., Ltd Tec Star Hosokawa Micron Nanograde AG Promethean Particles