Plastic Retort Cans Market Size, Share, Growth, and Industry Analysis, By Type (Food Plastic Retort Cans, Beverage Plastic Retort Cans, Healthcare Plastic Retort Cans, Pharmaceutical Plastic Retort Cans), By Application (Food Industry, Medical Industry, Other), Regional Insights and Forecast to 2035

Plastic Retort Cans Market Overview

The global Plastic Retort Cans Market size estimated at USD 296.19 million in 2026 and is projected to reach USD 387.57 million by 2035, growing at a CAGR of 3.03% from 2026 to 2035.

The Plastic Retort Cans Market is witnessing significant expansion driven by increasing demand for lightweight, durable, and heat-resistant food packaging solutions. Plastic retort cans are widely used in ready-to-eat meals, pet food, seafood, and processed food industries due to their ability to withstand high-temperature sterilization up to 130°C. The global Plastic Retort Cans Market Analysis indicates that over 65% of packaged food manufacturers are shifting toward advanced retort packaging formats to enhance shelf life beyond 12 months. 

The USA Plastic Retort Cans Market Insights highlight strong adoption across convenience food and pet food sectors. Over 72% of ready-to-eat meal producers in the U.S. utilize retort packaging technologies, with plastic variants accounting for approximately 38% of total retort packaging usage. More than 60% of U.S. households consume packaged ready meals weekly, boosting demand for durable and lightweight packaging. Additionally, around 55% of pet food manufacturers in the U.S. have transitioned to flexible and semi-rigid retort plastic containers. The U.S. food processing industry operates over 36,000 facilities, with nearly 40% integrating advanced thermal processing packaging solutions such as plastic retort cans.

Download Free Sample to learn more about this report.

Key Findings

• Key Market Driver: 72% demand growth from ready-to-eat food segment, 68% preference for lightweight packaging, 55% reduction in logistics weight impact, 60% increase in shelf-life efficiency, 50% adoption by processed food manufacturers
• Major Market Restraint: 45% concerns over recyclability, 52% regulatory pressure on plastics, 38% environmental compliance costs, 41% shift toward biodegradable alternatives, 35% consumer preference for sustainable materials
• Emerging Trends: 58% growth in recyclable retort plastics, 62% innovation in multi-layer barrier films, 47% increase in BPA-free materials, 53% demand for transparent packaging, 49% integration of smart labeling technologies
• Regional Leadership: 42% market dominance by Asia-Pacific, 28% share in North America, 22% in Europe, 8% in other regions, 65% production concentrated in emerging economies
• Competitive Landscape: Top 5 players hold 54% market share, 46% fragmented among regional manufacturers, 37% investment in R&D, 52% focus on product innovation, 48% expansion in emerging markets
• Market Segmentation: 60% food applications, 25% pet food, 10% beverages, 5% others; 70% rigid plastic retort cans, 30% semi-rigid formats
• Recent Development: 63% increase in sustainable packaging investments, 49% adoption of recyclable polymers, 44% expansion of production capacity, 51% technological upgrades in sterilization processes, 46% partnerships in packaging innovation

Plastic Retort Cans Market Trends

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Trends indicate a strong shift toward sustainable and high-performance packaging materials. Approximately 58% of manufacturers are investing in recyclable plastic retort cans to address environmental concerns while maintaining durability and thermal resistance. Multi-layer barrier technology is used in over 67% of plastic retort cans, ensuring oxygen and moisture resistance critical for food preservation. Additionally, nearly 45% of companies are adopting BPA-free and food-grade polymer materials to comply with regulatory standards and consumer safety expectations. The Plastic Retort Cans Market Research Report also highlights that transparent and microwaveable packaging formats have increased adoption by 52% in convenience food sectors.

Another major trend in the Plastic Retort Cans Market Outlook is the integration of smart packaging features. Around 41% of manufacturers are incorporating QR codes and traceability features to enhance supply chain transparency. Lightweight packaging innovation has improved transport efficiency by nearly 33%, reducing carbon footprint across logistics operations. Furthermore, 50% of food exporters are increasingly relying on retort plastic cans due to their ability to withstand long shipping durations without compromising product quality. Automation in packaging production lines has grown by 47%, improving efficiency and reducing production downtime across global manufacturing units.

Plastic Retort Cans Market Dynamics

DRIVER

"Rising demand for convenience and ready-to-eat food products"

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth is primarily driven by increasing consumption of ready-to-eat and processed food products worldwide. Over 70% of urban consumers prefer convenience meals due to busy lifestyles, directly boosting demand for retort packaging solutions. Plastic retort cans offer extended shelf life of up to 12–18 months without refrigeration, making them highly suitable for global food distribution. Additionally, 65% of food manufacturers are shifting toward lightweight packaging to reduce transportation costs. The growing working population, accounting for nearly 58% globally, is further accelerating the adoption of convenient packaging formats, strengthening the Plastic Retort Cans Market Opportunities.

RESTRAINTS

"Environmental concerns and regulatory restrictions on plastics"

Environmental sustainability concerns pose a significant restraint in the Plastic Retort Cans Market Analysis. Approximately 52% of global consumers express concern about plastic waste, influencing purchasing decisions. Governments in over 40 countries have introduced strict regulations on single-use plastics, affecting production and distribution. Around 48% of packaging companies face increased compliance costs due to environmental standards. Additionally, only 35% of plastic retort packaging is currently recyclable, limiting its acceptance in eco-conscious markets. These factors are creating pressure on manufacturers to invest in alternative materials and recycling technologies within the Plastic Retort Cans Market Forecast.

OPPORTUNITY

"Innovation in sustainable and recyclable retort packaging solutions"

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Opportunities are expanding with advancements in sustainable packaging technologies. Nearly 60% of manufacturers are investing in recyclable and biodegradable plastic alternatives to address environmental concerns. Development of mono-material retort packaging has increased by 45%, improving recyclability rates. Additionally, 50% of packaging companies are collaborating with recycling firms to create circular economy solutions. The demand for eco-friendly packaging is rising among 68% of consumers, particularly in developed markets. Innovations in high-barrier recyclable polymers are expected to transform the Plastic Retort Cans Market Outlook, offering long-term growth potential.

CHALLENGE

"High production costs and technological complexities"

The Plastic Retort Cans Market faces challenges related to high production costs and complex manufacturing processes. Advanced retort packaging requires multi-layer materials and precise thermal resistance capabilities, increasing production costs by nearly 35%. Approximately 42% of manufacturers report challenges in maintaining consistent quality during high-temperature sterilization processes. Additionally, the need for specialized machinery and skilled labor increases operational costs for small and medium enterprises. Around 38% of companies struggle with scalability issues when adopting new packaging technologies. These factors impact profitability and limit widespread adoption, particularly in cost-sensitive markets within the Plastic Retort Cans Market Insights.

Plastic Retort Cans Market Segmentation

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Segmentation is categorized by type and application, reflecting diverse industrial usage and demand patterns. By type, food plastic retort cans dominate with over 60% usage, followed by beverage at 15%, healthcare at 13%, and pharmaceutical at 12%. By application, the food industry accounts for nearly 65% demand, medical industry holds 20%, and other applications contribute around 15%. The Plastic Retort Cans Market Analysis highlights increasing diversification across packaging formats due to evolving consumer preferences and regulatory requirements across industries.

Download Free Sample to learn more about this report.

BY TYPE

Food Plastic Retort Cans: Food plastic retort cans represent the largest segment in the Plastic Retort Cans Market Share, accounting for approximately 60% of total usage globally. These cans are extensively used for ready-to-eat meals, canned vegetables, seafood, soups, sauces, and pet food products. Over 70% of processed food manufacturers rely on retort packaging technologies to extend shelf life up to 12–18 months without refrigeration. Plastic retort cans reduce packaging weight by nearly 30% compared to traditional metal cans, improving logistics efficiency and reducing transportation emissions by approximately 25%. Around 68% of urban consumers prefer packaged convenience food, directly influencing the adoption of food-grade retort plastics. Additionally, 55% of food exporters prefer plastic retort cans due to their durability and resistance to corrosion. Multi-layer barrier materials are used in over 65% of food retort packaging to ensure protection against oxygen and moisture. 

Beverage Plastic Retort Cans: Beverage plastic retort cans account for approximately 15% of the Plastic Retort Cans Market Size, primarily used for ready-to-drink beverages, dairy-based drinks, energy drinks, and functional beverages. Nearly 48% of beverage manufacturers are exploring retort packaging for shelf-stable products that do not require refrigeration. Plastic retort cans offer thermal resistance up to 120°C, enabling sterilization while maintaining flavor integrity. About 42% of beverage brands are shifting toward lightweight packaging to reduce shipping costs and improve supply chain efficiency. Transparent retort packaging has seen adoption growth of around 38% in the beverage segment, allowing product visibility and enhancing consumer appeal. 

Healthcare Plastic Retort Cans: Healthcare plastic retort cans contribute nearly 13% to the Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth, primarily used for packaging medical nutrition products, dietary supplements, and sterile healthcare solutions. Around 58% of healthcare packaging requires high-barrier protection against contamination, making retort plastics a suitable option. These cans can withstand sterilization temperatures exceeding 121°C, ensuring product safety and extended shelf life. Approximately 46% of healthcare manufacturers are adopting advanced retort packaging for improved product stability. Plastic retort cans reduce contamination risks by nearly 40% compared to traditional packaging methods. 

Pharmaceutical Plastic Retort Cans: Pharmaceutical plastic retort cans hold approximately 12% share in the Plastic Retort Cans Market Insights, driven by demand for sterile and contamination-free packaging solutions. These cans are widely used for liquid medicines, injectable solutions, and sensitive pharmaceutical formulations. Nearly 62% of pharmaceutical packaging requires high-temperature sterilization processes, making retort cans essential. Plastic retort cans provide superior resistance to chemical reactions, reducing product degradation by approximately 35%. Around 48% of pharmaceutical companies are transitioning toward advanced polymer-based packaging to enhance safety and durability. 

BY APPLICATION

Food Industry: The food industry dominates the Plastic Retort Cans Market Outlook, accounting for nearly 65% of total application demand. Over 72% of processed food products require extended shelf life, making retort packaging essential. Plastic retort cans are widely used for packaged meals, soups, sauces, seafood, and pet food. Approximately 68% of urban households consume ready-to-eat food weekly, driving demand for durable and heat-resistant packaging. The use of multi-layer barrier plastics ensures protection against contamination, with nearly 66% adoption across food manufacturers. Additionally, 55% of food exporters rely on retort packaging for long-distance transportation. The increasing trend of convenience food consumption and global food trade expansion continues to strengthen the role of plastic retort cans in this segment.

Medical Industry: The medical industry represents around 20% of the Plastic Retort Cans Market Share, driven by the need for sterile and contamination-free packaging solutions. Approximately 60% of medical products require high-temperature sterilization, making retort packaging highly suitable. Plastic retort cans are used for nutritional supplements, medical fluids, and healthcare products. Around 48% of healthcare manufacturers are adopting advanced packaging technologies to ensure product safety and extended shelf life. The demand for portable healthcare solutions has increased by nearly 52%, boosting the use of lightweight retort cans. Additionally, strict regulatory standards have led to 44% of manufacturers investing in high-barrier materials for medical packaging applications.

Other: Other applications contribute approximately 15% to the Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth, including industrial products, cosmetics, and specialty chemicals. Nearly 40% of cosmetic brands are exploring retort packaging for long-lasting formulations and contamination prevention. Plastic retort cans provide thermal resistance and durability, reducing product spoilage by approximately 30%. Around 35% of industrial product manufacturers use retort packaging for safe storage and transportation of sensitive materials. Additionally, the adoption of retort packaging in niche applications has increased by nearly 28%, driven by demand for high-performance packaging solutions. Continuous innovation in material technology is expanding the application scope of plastic retort cans across diverse industries.

Plastic Retort Cans Market Regional Outlook

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Outlook demonstrates strong regional diversification with Asia-Pacific leading at approximately 42% market share, followed by North America holding nearly 28%, Europe accounting for around 22%, and Middle East & Africa contributing close to 8%. The Plastic Retort Cans Market Size is influenced by food processing infrastructure, consumer demand for convenience food, and packaging innovation. Over 70% of global demand is concentrated in urbanized regions with advanced supply chains. Emerging economies contribute nearly 55% of production capacity, while developed regions account for over 60% of technological advancements in retort packaging solutions, shaping overall Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth.

Download Free Sample to learn more about this report.

NORTH AMERICA

The North America Plastic Retort Cans Market Analysis reflects a strong presence driven by advanced food processing industries and high consumption of packaged foods. North America holds approximately 28% share of the global Plastic Retort Cans Market Share, supported by over 36,000 food processing facilities across the region. Nearly 72% of households consume ready-to-eat meals weekly, directly influencing demand for retort packaging. Plastic retort cans account for approximately 38% of total retort packaging usage in North America, with metal cans still maintaining a share of around 50%. However, plastic variants are gaining traction due to their 30% lower weight and improved transport efficiency. The region demonstrates strong adoption in the pet food segment, where nearly 55% of manufacturers have shifted toward retort plastic packaging. Additionally, around 60% of food exporters rely on retort packaging for long shelf-life products. Sustainable packaging trends are also influencing the market, with approximately 48% of manufacturers investing in recyclable plastic materials. The demand for microwaveable packaging formats has increased by nearly 52%, reflecting changing consumer lifestyles. Automation in packaging production lines has grown by 45%, improving operational efficiency across manufacturing units. The Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth in North America is further driven by innovation in multi-layer barrier materials, used in over 65% of retort packaging solutions. The region also shows strong regulatory compliance, with nearly 50% of manufacturers adopting BPA-free materials. Increasing demand for convenience food among working professionals, representing approximately 58% of the population, continues to drive packaging innovation. Additionally, 40% of packaging companies are focusing on smart packaging technologies, including QR codes and traceability features.

EUROPE

The Europe Plastic Retort Cans Market Insights indicate a steady growth trajectory, with the region accounting for approximately 22% of global market share. Europe’s packaging industry is characterized by strong regulatory frameworks and high consumer awareness regarding sustainability. Nearly 62% of consumers prefer eco-friendly packaging, influencing manufacturers to adopt recyclable retort plastic solutions. Approximately 55% of food manufacturers in Europe utilize retort packaging for extended shelf life and improved product safety. Plastic retort cans represent around 34% of retort packaging usage in Europe, with increasing adoption due to lightweight benefits and reduced carbon emissions by nearly 28% during transportation. The region has over 25,000 food processing units, with approximately 50% integrating advanced thermal processing technologies. Demand for ready-to-eat meals has increased by nearly 48%, particularly in urban areas where convenience food consumption is high. Sustainability initiatives are a key driver in Europe, with nearly 60% of packaging companies investing in recyclable and biodegradable materials. Multi-layer barrier technologies are used in approximately 63% of retort packaging to ensure product safety and quality. Additionally, 45% of manufacturers are focusing on reducing plastic usage while maintaining packaging performance. Innovation in transparent and resealable packaging formats has increased adoption by 42%.

GERMANY Plastic Retort Cans Market

Germany holds approximately 28% share within the Europe Plastic Retort Cans Market, making it one of the leading contributors in the region. The country has over 6,000 food processing companies, with nearly 58% adopting retort packaging technologies for extended shelf life. Plastic retort cans account for approximately 36% of retort packaging usage in Germany, driven by increasing demand for lightweight and sustainable packaging solutions. Nearly 65% of German consumers prefer packaged convenience food, influencing manufacturers to adopt advanced packaging formats. The use of recyclable plastic materials has increased by approximately 52%, reflecting strong environmental regulations and consumer awareness. Additionally, 48% of packaging companies in Germany are investing in innovative barrier materials to improve product safety and durability. The pet food industry also plays a significant role, with approximately 45% of manufacturers utilizing retort plastic packaging. Automation in packaging production has increased by nearly 43%, improving efficiency and reducing operational costs. Germany’s focus on sustainability and technological innovation continues to drive the Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth in the region.

UNITED KINGDOM Plastic Retort Cans Market

The United Kingdom accounts for approximately 18% of the Europe Plastic Retort Cans Market Share, supported by a well-established food and beverage industry. Nearly 60% of households in the UK consume ready-to-eat meals regularly, driving demand for retort packaging solutions. Plastic retort cans represent approximately 32% of retort packaging usage, with increasing adoption due to their lightweight and durable properties. Sustainability trends are prominent in the UK, with approximately 58% of consumers preferring recyclable packaging. Around 50% of manufacturers are investing in eco-friendly materials to comply with environmental regulations. The demand for microwaveable packaging has increased by nearly 47%, reflecting changing consumer lifestyles. The UK also shows strong adoption in the pet food segment, with approximately 42% of manufacturers using retort plastic packaging. Additionally, 40% of packaging companies are focusing on smart packaging technologies to enhance consumer engagement. Continuous innovation and regulatory compliance are driving the Plastic Retort Cans Market Outlook in the United Kingdom.

ASIA-PACIFIC

The Asia-Pacific Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth dominates globally, accounting for approximately 42% of total market share. The region is characterized by rapid urbanization, expanding middle-class population, and increasing consumption of packaged food products. Nearly 68% of consumers in Asia-Pacific prefer convenience food, driving demand for retort packaging solutions. The region hosts over 50% of global food processing facilities, significantly contributing to market expansion. Plastic retort cans account for approximately 40% of retort packaging usage in Asia-Pacific, with increasing adoption due to cost-effectiveness and lightweight properties. The demand for shelf-stable food products has increased by nearly 60%, particularly in emerging economies. Additionally, 55% of manufacturers are investing in advanced packaging technologies to improve product quality and safety. Sustainability initiatives are gaining traction, with approximately 48% of companies focusing on recyclable materials. Multi-layer barrier technologies are used in nearly 66% of retort packaging solutions in the region. The growth of e-commerce and food delivery services, increasing by approximately 50%, is further driving demand for durable and efficient packaging solutions.

JAPAN Plastic Retort Cans Market

Japan holds approximately 12% share within the Asia-Pacific Plastic Retort Cans Market, driven by high consumption of packaged and convenience food products. Nearly 70% of households consume ready-to-eat meals regularly, making retort packaging essential. Plastic retort cans account for approximately 35% of retort packaging usage in Japan. The country is known for its advanced packaging technologies, with approximately 60% of manufacturers adopting innovative barrier materials to ensure product safety. Sustainability is also a key focus, with nearly 50% of companies investing in recyclable packaging solutions. Additionally, 45% of packaging innovations in Japan are focused on improving product convenience and portability. Automation in packaging production has increased by approximately 48%, enhancing efficiency and reducing costs. The demand for high-quality and safe packaging solutions continues to drive the Plastic Retort Cans Market Insights in Japan.

CHINA Plastic Retort Cans Market

China represents approximately 45% of the Asia-Pacific Plastic Retort Cans Market Share, making it the largest contributor in the region. The country has over 30,000 food processing units, with nearly 62% adopting retort packaging technologies. Plastic retort cans account for approximately 42% of retort packaging usage in China. The demand for packaged food products has increased by nearly 65%, driven by urbanization and changing consumer lifestyles. Additionally, 58% of manufacturers are investing in advanced packaging technologies to improve product quality and shelf life. Sustainability initiatives are also gaining momentum, with approximately 46% of companies focusing on recyclable materials. China’s strong manufacturing base and increasing domestic consumption continue to drive the Plastic Retort Cans Market Growth, making it a key market globally.

MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA

The Middle East & Africa Plastic Retort Cans Market Outlook accounts for approximately 8% of global market share, driven by increasing demand for packaged food and expanding retail sectors. Nearly 55% of urban consumers in the region prefer convenience food products, boosting demand for retort packaging. The region has witnessed a 40% increase in food processing facilities, supporting market growth.Plastic retort cans account for approximately 28% of retort packaging usage in the region, with increasing adoption due to their durability and lightweight properties. The demand for shelf-stable food products has increased by nearly 45%, particularly in urban areas. Additionally, 38% of manufacturers are investing in advanced packaging technologies to improve product safety and quality. Sustainability initiatives are emerging, with approximately 35% of companies focusing on recyclable materials. Multi-layer barrier technologies are used in nearly 50% of retort packaging solutions. The growing food export industry, increasing by approximately 42%, is further driving demand for efficient packaging solutions in the Middle East & Africa.

List of Key Plastic Retort Cans Market Companies

• Kortec
• Sonoco
• Klear Can
• SOPAKCO
• Amcor
• Bemis
• Milacron Co-Injection Systems
• Winpack
• RPC
• Tekni-Plex

Top Two Companies with Highest Share

• Amcor: Holds approximately 18% market share with over 65% product diversification in advanced retort packaging solutions.
• Sonoco: Accounts for nearly 15% market share with around 58% penetration across global food and beverage retort packaging segments.

Investment Analysis and Opportunities

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Analysis highlights strong investment momentum driven by increasing demand for sustainable and lightweight packaging solutions. Approximately 60% of packaging companies are allocating investments toward recyclable and mono-material retort plastic innovations. Around 55% of manufacturers are focusing on automation technologies to enhance production efficiency and reduce operational costs by nearly 30%. Investment in multi-layer barrier technology accounts for nearly 48% of total research initiatives, aimed at improving product shelf life and safety. Additionally, 50% of global packaging firms are expanding production capacities in emerging markets where consumption of convenience food has increased by over 65%.

Opportunities in the Plastic Retort Cans Market Opportunities are further supported by the rapid growth of e-commerce and food delivery services, which have increased by approximately 52%. Nearly 45% of investors are targeting Asia-Pacific due to its 42% market share and strong manufacturing base. Sustainable packaging initiatives are attracting around 58% of strategic partnerships and collaborations. Furthermore, 40% of companies are investing in smart packaging technologies, including traceability and digital labeling. The rising demand for BPA-free materials, accounting for nearly 47% adoption, also presents significant investment potential across food, healthcare, and pharmaceutical industries.

New Products Development

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Trends indicate continuous innovation in product development, with approximately 62% of manufacturers introducing new recyclable and eco-friendly retort plastic solutions. Around 54% of new product launches focus on enhancing barrier properties to improve resistance against oxygen and moisture. BPA-free and food-grade polymer materials account for nearly 49% of newly developed products, ensuring compliance with global safety regulations. Additionally, 46% of manufacturers are developing transparent retort cans to enhance product visibility and consumer appeal.

Technological advancements are driving product innovation, with nearly 50% of companies focusing on microwaveable and easy-open packaging designs. Approximately 42% of new product developments incorporate lightweight materials, reducing packaging weight by up to 30%. Smart packaging features, such as QR codes and traceability systems, are included in around 38% of new launches. Furthermore, 44% of manufacturers are working on improving thermal resistance capabilities to withstand temperatures above 120°C, ensuring product integrity during sterilization processes.

Five Recent Developments

• Amcor: In 2024, introduced recyclable retort packaging solutions with approximately 60% improved material recovery efficiency and reduced plastic usage by nearly 35%, enhancing sustainability performance across food packaging applications.
• Sonoco: Expanded its retort packaging production capacity by approximately 45%, improving supply chain efficiency and increasing product output to meet growing demand in the ready-to-eat food segment.
• Tekni-Plex: Developed advanced multi-layer barrier retort plastics with nearly 50% improved oxygen resistance, extending product shelf life and maintaining food quality under high-temperature sterilization.
• Winpack: Launched new lightweight retort packaging formats reducing material weight by approximately 28%, improving transportation efficiency and lowering overall packaging impact across logistics operations.
• RPC: Invested in sustainable packaging innovation, increasing the use of recyclable materials by nearly 40% and enhancing production efficiency by approximately 32% through advanced manufacturing technologies.

Report Coverage Of Plastic Retort Cans Market

The Plastic Retort Cans Market Report provides comprehensive insights into market size, share, growth, trends, and opportunities across global and regional levels. The report covers detailed segmentation by type and application, with food applications accounting for nearly 65% of total demand, followed by medical and industrial sectors. Approximately 70% of manufacturers are adopting advanced retort technologies, highlighting strong industry transformation. The report also evaluates key market drivers, including the 72% increase in demand for convenience food and the 68% preference for lightweight packaging solutions.

Additionally, the report includes in-depth analysis of competitive landscape, where top players hold approximately 54% market share, while regional players account for 46%. It highlights emerging trends such as 58% growth in sustainable packaging and 50% adoption of smart packaging technologies. Regional insights show Asia-Pacific leading with 42% share, followed by North America at 28% and Europe at 22%. The report further outlines investment opportunities, innovation trends, and recent developments, providing a complete overview of the Plastic Retort Cans Market Insights for stakeholders and business decision-makers.